Chapter 1
Introduction
Solar Energy
Introduction
The Greenhouse Effect

Chapter 2
Properties of Sunlight
Basics of Light
Properties of Light
Energy of a Photon
Photon Flux
Spectral Irradiance
Radiant Power Density
Blackbody Radiation
Blackbody Radiation
Solar Radiation
The Sun
Solar Radiation in Space
Solar Radiation Outside Earth's Atmosphere
Terrestrial Solar Radiation
Solar Radiation at Earth
Atmospheric Effects
Air Mass
Motion of the Sun
Solar Time
Declination Angle
Elevation Angle
Azimuth Angle
The Sun's Position
Sun Position Calculator
Sun's Position to High Accuracy
Solar Radiation on a Tilted Surface
Arbitary Tilt and Orientation
Calculation of Solar Insolation
Solar Radiation Data
Measurement of Solar Radiation
Analysis of Solar Radiation Data
Typical Meteorological Year Data
Average Solar Radiation
Isoflux Contour Plots
Sunshine Hour Data
Cloud Cover Data
Questions

Chapter 3
PN Junctions
Introduction
Basics
Semiconductor Material
Band Gap
Intrinsic Carrier Concentration
Doping
Equilibrium Carrier Concentration
Generation
Absorption of Light
Absorption Coefficient
Absorption Depth
Generation Rate
Recombination
Types of Recombination
Lifetime
Diffusion Length
Surface Recombination
Carrier Transport
Movement of Carriers
Diffusion
Drift
P-n Junctions
P-n Junction Diodes
Bias of P-n Junctions
Diode Equation
Diode Equation for Photovoltaics
Basic Equations
Applying the Above Equations to a PN Junction
Region with Electric Field
Regions I and III: No Electric Field
Total Current
Wide Base Diode
Narrow Base Diode
Example 3
Summary

Chapter 4
Solar Cell Operation
Ideal Solar Cells
Solar Cell Structure
Light Generated Current
Collection Probability
Quantum Efficiency
Spectral Response
Photovoltaic Effect
Solar Cell Parameters
IV Curve
Short-Circuit Current
Open-Circuit Voltage
Fill Factor
Efficiency
Resistive Effects
Characteristic Resistance
Effect of Parasitic Resistances
Series Resistances
Shunt Resistances
Impact of Both Resistances
Other Effects
Effect of Temperature
Effect of Light Intensity
Ideality Factor
Full Cell Simulator

Chapter 5
Design of Silicon Cells
Basic Cell Design
Optical Properties
Optical Losses
Anti-Reflection Coatings 1
Anti-Reflection Coatings 2
Surface Texturing
Material Thickness
Light Trapping
Lambertian Rear Reflectors
Reducing Recombination
Recombination Losses
Current Losses Due to Recombination
Voltage Losses Due to Recombination
Surface Recombination
Top Contact Design
Series Resistance
Base Resistance
Sheet Resistivity
Emitter Resistance
Contact Resistance
Finger Resistance
Finger Optimisation
Metal Grid Pattern
Solar Cell Structure
Silicon Solar Cell Parameters
Design Trade-Offs

Chapter 6
Manufacturing Si Cells
First Photovoltaic Devices
Early Silicon Solar Cells
Silicon Wafers and Substrates
Silicon Refining
Types of Silicon
Single Crystalline Silicon
Czochralski Silicon
Float Zone Silicon
Multicrystalline Silicon
Wafer Slicing
Other Wafer Technologies
Processing Technologies
Solid State Diffusion
Cell Fabrication Technologies
Screen Printed Solar Cells
Buried Contact Solar Cells
High Efficiency Solar Cells
Rear Contact Solar Cells
Solar Cell Production Line
Introduction
Silicon Source Material
Growing Ingot
From Ingot to Bricks
Wafer Slicing
Texturing
Diffusion
Plasma Edge Isoloation
Anti-Reflection Coating
Screen-Print Front
Screen-Print Rear Aluminium
Screen-Print Rear Silver
Firing
Testing
Module

Chapter 7
Modules and Arrays
Introduction
Module Design
Module Structure
Module Materials
Packing Density
Interconnection Effects
Module and Circuit Design
Mismatch Effects
Mismatch for Cells Connected in Series
Hot-Spot Heating
Bypass Diodes
Mismatch for Cells Connected in Parallel
Mismatch Effects in Arrays
Temperature Effects
PV Module Temperature
Heat Generation in PV Modules
Heat Loss in PV Modules
Nominal Operating Cell Temperature
Thermal Expansion and Stresses
Other Considerations
Electrical and Mechanical Protection
Lifetime of PV Modules
Degradation and Failure Modes

Chapter 8 - Draft
Characterisation
Introduction
Measurement of Cell Efficiency
IV tester
Illumination Sources
Temperature Control
Probes
Electronics
Other IV Measurements
Dark IV Testing
Jsc Voc & SunsVoc
IV Characterisation
Measurement of Series Resistance
Double Diode Equation
Ideality Factor
Optical Characterisation
Reflectance
Spectral Response
LBIC
Lifetime
Carrier Lifetime
Bulk Lifetime
Effect of Surfaces on Lifetime
Transient Measurement
Quasi-Steady-State
General Solution
Trapping
Sinton Lifetime Tester
Simulation
Introduction
PC1D
2D Modeling
Other Techniques
SEM and EBIC
SIMS and SRP
Four Point Probe Resistivity Measurements

Chapter 9 - Draft
Storage in PV Systems
Storage in PV Systems
Basics
Battery Basics
Oxidation/Reduction Reaction
Electrochemical Potential
Standard Potential
Nernst Equation
Ideal battery capacity
Battery voltage and capacity in non-equilibrium
Reaction Rates and Polarization
Mass Transport Overvoltage in Batteries
Activation Overvoltage in Batteries
Resistive Drops in Batteries
Secondary Reactions
Physical State of the Electrodes
Battery Characteristics
Battery Characteristics
Battery Voltage
Battery Charging and Discharging Parameters
Battery Capacity
Battery Efficiency
Energy, Volumetric and Power Density
Other Electrical Battery Parameters
Battery Lifetime and Maintenance
Battery Safety and Disposal
Battery Economics
Summary and Comparison of Battery Characteristics
Lead Acid Batteries
Lead Acid Batteries
Operation of Lead Acid Batteries
Characteristics of Lead Acid Batteries
Lead Acid Battery Configurations
Special Considerations for Lead Acid Batteries
Electrode Materials and Configuration
Battery Housing
Types of Lead Acid Batteries
Potential Problems with Lead Acid Batteries
Modifications to the electrolyte
Other Battery Types
Nickel-Cadmium Batteries
Vanadium Redox Flow Battery
Functions and Uses of Storage in PV Systems
Introduction
Functions of Batteries
Uses of batteries in PV systems

Appendices
Solar Cell Efficiency Results
Standard Solar Spectra
Silicon Material Parameters
Optical Properties of Silicon
Periodic Table
Units and Conversions
Physical Constants
Diode Equation for Photovoltaics
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